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What if the technologies of the future are built from materials we haven't even made yet? In this episode of No Reason to Get Excited (NRTGE), Dr. Aaron Winkler sits down with Lilia Xie, Assistant Professor of Chemistry and the Princeton Materials Institute at Princeton University, to explore the world of quantum materials, where the arrangement of atoms, the energy of electrons, and even the angle between atomic layers can transform a material from insulator to metal to superconductor.

Lilia takes Aaron on a wide-ranging tour through two-dimensional materials, transition metal dichalcogenides, moiré superlattices, and the frontier of molecular intercalation, where her lab is slipping organic molecules between layers of inorganic crystals to tune properties no periodic table combination could produce on its own. Along the way, they dig into how electrons flow through metals, why a crystal turned from red to black in her grad school lab, what unpaired electron spins have to do with your fridge magnet, and why sometimes the most surprising discoveries come from simply cooking up something new and watching what happens.

About the Guest

Lilia Xie is an Assistant Professor of Chemistry and the Princeton Materials Institute at Princeton University, where her lab develops emerging quantum materials for next-generation memory devices, quantum computers, and advanced electronics. She grew up in New Jersey and returned to Princeton as faculty after completing her undergraduate degree in chemistry there in 2014 (with certificates in Materials Science and Engineering and Musical Performance), earning her Ph.D. in Chemistry at MIT in 2020 under Prof. Mircea Dincă, where she explored electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks, and completing a postdoc at UC Berkeley with Prof. D. Kwabena Bediako as an Arnold O. Beckman Postdoctoral Fellow and L'Oreal USA for Women in Science Fellow, where she studied complex magnetism in intercalation compounds. Her lab works on low-dimensional inorganic materials and investigates how inserting molecular components between atomic layers can precisely tune electrical, magnetic, and optical properties.

Connect with Lilia

Xie Lab: https://liliaxie.chemistry.princeton.edu
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lilia-s-xie/
X / Twitter: https://x.com/lilia_xie

Chapters

00:00 – Cold Open: Quantum Materials and the Invisible Suit
02:00 – Meet Lilia Xie
02:40 – What Are Materials, Really?
03:45 – Inorganic Materials, Metals, and Quantum Properties
05:26 – Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: The MoS2 Family
08:35 – 2D Layers, Sandwiches, and Electron Delocalization
11:50 – Moiré Superlattices: A New Length Scale From a Twist
17:00 – How Electrons Know Their Environment Is Changing
24:32 – Orbitals, Energy States, and the Basics of Quantum Mechanics
33:28 – Tantalum Disulfide and the Three Buckets of Materials
37:38 – How Metals Conduct: A Continuum of Energy States
43:24 – What Lilia Is Actually After: Molecular Intercalation
51:10 – Molecules Between the Layers: Infinite Tunability
54:46 – Early Lab Life: Growing Crystals Without Answers Yet
1:05:44 – The Red Crystal That Turned Black
1:21:02 – Room Temperature Superconductivity and the Future of Computing
1:23:20 – Where Magnetism and Electricity Become the Same Thing

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What if the most powerful materials of the future are only one atom thick? In this episode of No Reason to Get Excited (NRTGE), Dr. Aaron Winkler sits down with Fang Liu, Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University, to explore the cutting-edge world of two-dimensional materials, where single-atom-thick semiconductors stack, twist, and transform in ways that could redefine electronics, quantum computing, and energy technology.

From a childhood in Northeast China where she barely made it into chemistry at Peking University (the major with the lowest score threshold), to inventing a gold-based exfoliation technique that won her a faculty position at Stanford, Fang walks through how her lab creates moiré superlattices at centimeter scales, uses ultrafast lasers to make atomic lattices twist in trillionths of a second, and collaborates with Cornell and SLAC to watch quantum materials dance. Along the way, she and Aaron dig into why Scotch tape won a Nobel Prize, what lives between van der Waals forces and chemical bonds, why twisted bilayer graphene becomes a superconductor at exactly 1.1 degrees, and how sometimes the best career path is the one where you take the only offer you get.

About the Guest
Fang Liu is an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University, where her lab develops scalable methods for creating and studying two-dimensional materials and their artificial structures. She invented a gold-based exfoliation technique during her postdoctoral work at Columbia University that enables the production of large-scale, high-quality moiré superlattices, millimeters to centimeters in size, with nearly perfect yield. She received her B.S. in Chemistry from Peking University in Beijing in 2010, her Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Pennsylvania in 2015 (where she studied photochemistry of Criegee intermediates and atmospheric radicals under Prof. Marsha Lester), and was a DOE postdoctoral fellow in Prof. Xiaoyang Zhu's group at Columbia University from 2016 to 2020, where she switched fields from gas-phase spectroscopy to solid-state 2D materials. Her research uses ultrafast spectroscopy, electron diffraction, and light-induced control to explore quantum properties in twisted materials, with recent work (published in Nature in 2023) demonstrating photo-induced twisting motion in moiré superlattices. Before joining Stanford in 2020, she applied to 92 universities for faculty positions.

Connect with Fang
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/fang-liu-b58ba717/

Chapters
00:00 – Cold Open: Invisibility Suits and Moiré Magic
01:19 – Meet Fang Liu
01:45 – Two-Dimensional Materials: Solids One Atom Thick
08:26 – Building Devices at the Atomic Scale
14:21 – How to Make a Monolayer: Top-Down vs Bottom-Up
17:39 – The Nobel Prize Technique: Scotch Tape Exfoliation
19:52 – Gold Exfoliation: A Better Way
23:31 – The Physics of Adhesion: Not Quite a Bond, Not Quite van der Waals
28:06 – Moiré Superlattices: When Two Layers Twist
35:18 – Scaling Up: Centimeter-Scale Structures
38:41 – Ultrafast Spectroscopy: Watching Atoms Move in Real Time
45:06 – Photo-Induced Twist: Light Makes Lattices Dance
52:38 – How She Got Into Chemistry: The Lowest Score Threshold
1:00:17 – Switching Fields and Landing at Stanford

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What if curing a chronic disease looked less like a daily pill and more like a tiny, wireless implant of living cells that quietly produces your medicine on demand? In this episode of No Reason to Get Excited (NRTGE), Dr. Aaron Winkler sits down with Siddharth Krishnan, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, to explore the rapidly evolving frontier of bioelectronic medicine.

From his grandfather's soldering iron in Chennai, to a New Yorker article on John Rogers that changed his life, to a battery-free implant that has cured diabetes in mice for months, Siddharth walks through how his lab is engineering devices that combine living cells with thin-film electronics to deliver biologic drugs continuously, sense biomarkers in real time, and reshape what treatment for chronic disease can even look like. Along the way, he and Aaron dig into why oxygen is the hardest problem in implantable cell therapy, why the solution borrows physics from fuel cells, RFID credit cards, and photosynthesis, and why the future of medicine might involve all of us walking around with our own tiny bioreactors under the skin.

About the Guest
Siddharth Krishnan is an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University and a Terman Faculty Fellow, with a courtesy appointment in Bioengineering. His lab develops bioelectronic devices for sensing and therapeutics, with a particular focus on battery-free, wirelessly powered implants that combine inorganic electronics with living cells (so-called "living drug factories") to treat chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes. He received his BS and MS degrees in mechanical engineering from Washington University in St. Louis, earned his PhD in materials science and engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the lab of Prof. John Rogers, and was a K99/R00 Research Scientist in the labs of Profs. Daniel Anderson and Robert Langer at the Koch Institute at MIT and Boston Children's Hospital before joining Stanford. He is also a co-founder of Rhaeos Inc., a medical device company translating his graduate work on wireless wearable diagnostic tools for neurological surgery, and has been recognized on the Forbes 30 Under 30 list and MIT Technology Review's Innovators Under 35.

Connect with Siddharth

https://siddharthrkrishnan.wordpress.com
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/siddharth-krishnan-b2a79a8/

Chapters
00:00 – Cold Open: Wireless Power and Magnetic Fields

00:30 – Meet Siddharth Krishnan

01:08 – From Chennai to the Midwest

04:52 – The Light in Olin Library: From Humanities to Engineering

07:09 – A Grandfather, a Soldering Iron, and a Homemade Guitar Amp

10:47 – The New Yorker Article That Changed Everything

15:23 – Living Drug Factories: Engineering Cells Inside Implants

19:30 – Pancreatic Islets, Glucagon, and Type 1 Diabetes

24:24 – The Real Bottleneck: Solving the Oxygen Problem

27:38 – Borrowing Physics from Fuel Cells and Silicone Membranes

34:34 – Engineering Photosynthesis Inside the Body

36:18 – Wireless Power Harvesting and the RFID Trick

40:00 – Building a Bioelectronic Artificial Pancreas

46:44 – Why Life Stays Small Without Blood Supply

49:05 – From Drug Delivery to Living Biosensors

52:42 – Real-Time Inflammation Tracking and Long COVID

54:42 – Curing Mouse Diabetes for Months

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What if the most powerful tools for understanding the human brain are the very tiny particles we're learning to build, atom by atom? In this episode of No Reason to Get Excited (NRTGE), Dr. Aaron Winkler sits down with Rebecca Pinals, Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at Stanford University and Institute Scholar at Sarafan ChEM-H, to explore the frontier where nanotechnology, neuroscience, and chemical engineering collide.

From carbon nanotubes that glow in the near-infrared, to the "protein corona" that makes biological systems so beautifully unpredictable, to lipid nanoparticles that may one day flush the brain clean of disease, Rebecca walks through how her lab is engineering microscopic tools to crack one of medicine's hardest problems: Alzheimer's disease. Along the way, Aaron and Rebecca dig into why almost everything we know about the brain comes from animals that aren't quite us, how a handful of cells can self-assemble into a working capillary inside a hydrogel, and why the long-overlooked story of lipids may be the missing piece in our understanding of neurodegeneration.

About the Guest
Rebecca Pinals is an Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at Stanford University and an Institute Scholar at Sarafan ChEM-H. The Pinals Lab engineers neuro-models and nano-tools to uncover mechanisms of neurodegenerative disease, with a particular emphasis on the blood–brain barrier, the vascular interface that serves as the molecular gateway into the brain. Rebecca trained as a chemical engineer at Brown University, completed her PhD in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at UC Berkeley with Professor Markita Landry as an NSF Graduate Research Fellow, and pivoted into neuroscience as a Schmidt Science Fellow during her postdoc at MIT's Picower Institute, working with Professors Li-Huei Tsai and Bob Langer. Her lab combines induced pluripotent stem cell–based 3D brain models with the rational design of nanoparticles to study, intervene in, and ultimately treat diseases like Alzheimer's.

Connect with Rebecca
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rebeccapinals/

Chapters

00:00 – Cold Open: A Chemical Engineer at the Edge of Neuroscience

00:32 – Meet Rebecca Pinals

01:20 – From Conventional Catalysis to a Love of the Nanoscale

03:42 – Carbon Nanotubes That Glow in the Near-Infrared

09:55 – The Protein Corona Problem

12:30 – Lipid Nanoparticles, mRNA Vaccines, and a COVID Pivot

14:18 – Why Alzheimer's: The Forgotten Lipid Story

18:34 – APOE, Astrocytes, and Lipoproteins as Therapeutics

24:15 – Why We Need a Human Blood-Brain Barrier Model

33:35 – Endothelial Cells, Pericytes, and the Real Anatomy of the BBB

42:48 – When Cells Find Each Other: Self-Assembly Into Capillaries

50:51 – Microplastics, Prions, and What We Don't Know We're Doing

54:17 – The Moments a Scientist Lives For

57:40 – Becoming a PI: From the Bench to Big Science

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What if the secret to understanding life lies in the mathematics of systems that can never sit still? In this episode of No Reason to Get Excited (NRTGE), Dr. Aaron Winkler sits down with Grant Rotskoff, Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University, to explore the breathtaking frontier where statistical physics, computation, and biology collide.

From the unsolved mystery of how ATP, the "spark of life," actually hydrolyzes, to the way muscle tissue self-assembles from molecular ratchets, Grant unpacks what it means to study living systems that are, by their very nature, perpetually far from equilibrium. Along the way, Aaron draws striking parallels between the molecular machinery of cells and the deepest questions of consciousness, attention, and emergence.

About the Guest

Grant Rotskoff is an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University. His research sits at the intersection of theoretical chemistry, statistical physics, and machine learning, with a focus on understanding the non-equilibrium dynamics of biological systems. He trained as a mathematician at the University of Chicago before turning to biophysics, and his lab uses cutting-edge computational methods, including machine-learned interatomic potentials and importance sampling, to study problems ranging from ATP hydrolysis to the self-assembly of muscle tissue.

Connect with Grant

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/grant-rotskoff-47427a31b

Chapters

00:00 – Why Great Research Questions Live in the Gaps
01:07 – Meet Grant Rotskoff
01:49 – What It Means for Life to Be Far From Equilibrium
08:17 – Why Biology Is Too Complex to Brute-Force
18:01 – How Machine Learning Is Changing Molecular Simulation
28:02 – ATP Hydrolysis: The Spark of Life
35:40 – ATP Synthase, Kinases, and Molecular Motors
38:20 – Why Biology Works Like a Ratchet at the Nanoscale
42:06 – How Organisation Emerges From Energy
55:32 – Muscle Tissue, Sarcomeres, and Self-Assembly
56:49 – The Mathematics of Emergence
01:08:33 – Use the Tools You Have

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What happens when you apply machine learning and rigorous data analysis to the "Wild West" of American campaign finance? In this episode of No Reason to Get Excited (NRTGE), Dr. Aaron Winkler sits down with Andrew Myers, a PhD candidate at Stanford University and incoming Assistant Professor at MIT, to pull back the curtain on how money, media, and institutional rules shape our democracy.

From the surprising ways donors "punish" extremist candidates to the hidden consequences of term limits, Andrew shares insights from his dissertation that challenge standard political assumptions. Along the way, Aaron draws fascinating parallels between the circulatory system of the human body and the systematic flow of modern civilization.

About the Guest

Andrew Myers is a political scientist and PhD candidate at Stanford University specializing in American politics and political methodology. His research focuses on polarization in legislatures, campaign finance, and election administration. After completing a fellowship at the Hoover Institution, he will join the faculty at MIT as an Assistant Professor.

Connect with Andrew

Website: www.andrewcwmyers.com

Chapters

00:00 – The "Block Power" of Parliamentary Systems
02:00 – Meet Andrew Myers: From Stanford to MIT
04:00 – The Role of Money: Analyzing Citizens United and Direct Contributions
07:20 – Machine Learning in Politics: Mapping Contributions to Voting Records
12:20 – Why "Coin Flip" Elections are a Social Scientist's Dream
15:15 – Aaron’s Lessons from the Obama 2004 Senate Campaign
22:10 – The "Uncontested" Victory: How Obama Won His First Election
33:00 – The Press Coverage Problem: Why Down-Ballot Races Suffer in the Dark
40:00 – Conclusion #1: Do Donors Punish Extremists?
41:30 – Conclusion #2: How Strengthening Local Press Moderates Legislatures
48:00 – Access-Seeking vs. Ideological Donors
53:00 – "Why Is There So Little Money in Politics?"
58:00 – The Chipping Away of Campaign Finance Reform
1:01:00 – The Lack of Competition in State Legislatures
1:06:00 – The Dark Side of Term Limits: Why They May Actually Increase Polarization
1:09:00 – Redistricting and Strategic Residing
1:31:00 – "Dialing for Dollars": The Fundraising Quotas of New Representatives
1:38:00 – The Body Politic: O’Hare Airport as a Heart and the ATP Synthase of Cities
1:46:00 – Blood Pressure and Political Compromise: The Kidney-Lung Connection

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What happens when a psychiatrist sits down with a Stanford physics professor to talk about gravitational waves, dark matter, quantum mechanics, and atoms existing in two places at once?

In this episode of No Reason to Get Excited (NRTGE), Dr. Aaron Winkler talks with Stanford Physicist Peter Graham about the strange and fascinating world of modern physics. What starts as a conversation about gravitational wave detection quickly turns into a deep exploration of quantum mechanics, atom interferometry, atomic clocks, dark matter, and the bizarre reality of particles behaving like waves.

Peter explains how researchers are building tabletop experiments capable of measuring incredibly small distortions in space-time, why gravity is surprisingly weak compared to electromagnetism, and how a single atom can exist in two places at once. Along the way, Aaron asks the kinds of questions many listeners are probably thinking themselves, leading to a conversation that feels less like a formal interview and more like two curious minds trying to make sense of the universe together.

This episode is not a simplified science lecture. It’s an intellectually alive conversation about uncertainty, experimentation, physics, and the limits of human intuition.

About the Guest

Peter Graham is a professor of physics at Stanford University whose research focuses on fundamental physics, dark matter, gravitational waves, and precision measurement techniques using atomic systems. His work often bridges theoretical physics and experimental collaboration, helping develop new ways to probe some of the deepest unanswered questions in modern science.

Connect with Peter:

Website: https://physics.stanford.edu/people/peter-graham

Chapters

00:00 – Introduction to Peter Graham and Stanford Physics
03:20 – Why Collaboration Matters in Modern Physics
05:10 – The Problem with Dark Matter and Fundamental Physics
06:00 – Building New Experiments Instead of Bigger Colliders
07:00 – How LIGO Detects Gravitational Waves
09:30 – Why Gravity Is Surprisingly Weak
11:20 – Gravitons, Dark Matter, and Unanswered Questions
15:15 – Atom Interferometry Explained
18:00 – Quantum Mechanics and Probability Waves
24:40 – Using Lasers to Manipulate Atoms
29:20 – The History of Particle Physics and Scientific Discovery
33:00 – What Quantum Waves Actually Mean
41:00 – Vacuum Chambers, Cooling Atoms, and Laser Physics
47:00 – How Laser Cooling Works
55:00 – Creating an Atomic Interferometer
1:00:30 – Measuring Time with Atomic Clocks
1:08:00 – Using Atoms to Detect Gravitational Waves
1:15:00 – Earth’s Gravity, Potential Energy, and Quantum States
1:20:00 – Why Vertical Mine Shafts Matter
1:24:00 – Measuring Acceleration with Atomic Systems
1:28:00 – Building the Future of Gravitational Wave Detection

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What does it actually mean to create a molecule that has never existed before?

In this episode of No Reason to Get Excited (NRTGE), Dr. Aaron Winkler sits down with Stanford organic chemist Noah Burns for a wide-ranging conversation about chemistry, creativity, photochemistry, molecular design, and the strange beauty hidden inside organic reactions.

What begins as a discussion about bromination and halogenation quickly expands into something much bigger: the relationship between science and imagination, the role of intuition in research, and how chemists develop entirely new reaction pathways capable of creating highly strained molecular structures.

Noah explains how his lab designs reactions that selectively create one molecular “handedness” over another, why chirality matters in medicine and biology, and how light can be used to drive reactions that would otherwise be energetically impossible. Along the way, Aaron connects chemistry to psychology, creativity, consciousness, traffic systems, human relationships, and even the metaphorical power of molecules like porphyrin.

This is not a technical lecture disguised as a podcast. It’s an intellectually playful conversation about discovery, emergence, energy, and the deeply human side of scientific work.

About the Guest
Noah Burns is an associate professor of chemistry at Stanford University specializing in synthetic organic chemistry. His research focuses on developing new chemical reactions, photochemistry, halogenation strategies, strained molecular systems, and the total synthesis of complex natural products. His lab explores how novel molecular transformations can enable discoveries in biology, medicine, and materials science.

Connect with Noah

Website: https://chemistry.stanford.edu/people/noah-burns

Chapters

00:00 – Introduction to Noah Burns and Organic Chemistry
01:20 – Columbia, New York City, and Academic Training
03:00 – Teaching, Curiosity, and Scientific Enthusiasm
04:30 – What Synthetic Organic Chemists Actually Do
06:00 – Primary vs. Secondary Metabolites
08:30 – Natural Products and Drug Discovery
10:00 – Halogenation, Bromination, and Chemical Reactivity
12:30 – Why Bromine Is Both Beautiful and Dangerous
14:00 – Chirality and Why Molecular Handedness Matters
16:00 – Enantioselective Catalysis Explained
18:30 – Nobel Prize-Winning Chemistry and Selective Reactions
21:00 – Designing New Reaction Pathways
24:00 – Titanium Catalysts and Chiral Ligands
28:00 – The Creativity and Trial-and-Error of Organic Chemistry
32:30 – Building Four-Membered Carbon Rings
34:30 – Using Light and Copper to Create Cyclobutanes
38:00 – Photochemistry and High-Energy Molecular States
40:00 – Porphyrins, Photosynthesis, and Human Systems
44:30 – Redox Reactions and the “Vital Spark” of Life
46:00 – Why Life Is Controlled Oxidation
48:00 – Evolution, Energy, and Reactive Systems
51:00 – Translating Ideas Into Physical Reality
54:00 – Traffic Theory, Systems Thinking, and Flow States
57:00 – DARPA, High-Energy Molecules, and Closing Thoughts

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