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  • Politics Book Three Sections V-IX

    Politics Book Three Sections V-IX
    2026/06/29
    In which the nature and variety of citizens within a city are contemplated, considering who truly partakes in governance and how differing states admit or exclude mechanical workers and others from citizenship; and the forms of government—monarchy, aristocracy, democracy—and their legitimate ends are examined, distinguishing those established for the common good from corruptions that serve only the rulers' interest. Moreover, the discussion turns to the essence of justice and the ultimate purpose of a city, revealing that true citizenship rests not merely in belonging or wealth but in sharing the common good and virtue necessary for living well and happily together.
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    19 分
  • Politics Book Three Sections I-IV

    Politics Book Three Sections I-IV
    2026/06/28
    In which the nature of the city and citizenship is examined, revealing that a citizen is defined by their participation in the judicial and executive functions of government rather than mere residence or legal privileges, and that such participation varies with the form of government. It is further considered that the virtues constituting a good citizen differ from those of a good man, reflecting the varied roles and duties within a state, and that an accomplished citizen must understand both governance and obedience, each requiring distinct virtues appropriate to their station.
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    17 分
  • Politics Book Two Sections XI-XII

    Politics Book Two Sections XI-XII
    2026/06/27
    In which the nature of Carthage’s government is explored with careful comparison to Lacedaemon and Crete, highlighting the delicate balance between aristocracy and oligarchy and the risks attendant upon the mingling of wealth and governance. In which the discourse turns to the men who have shaped laws and constitutions, praising the wisdom and caution required to maintain harmony amidst the shifting powers of senate, people, and magistrates.
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    14 分
  • Politics Book Two Sections IX-X

    Politics Book Two Sections IX-X
    2026/06/26
    In which the nature of governance and social order among the Lacedaemonians and Cretans is carefully examined, revealing the difficulties inherent in managing slaves, regulating the liberties of women, and maintaining equity in property and magistracies. It is observed that while both states possess institutions aimed at preservation and military prowess, their laws and customs often fail to uphold justice and lead to internal strife, demonstrating that a government must be wisely balanced in both civil and military affairs to endure.
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    20 分
  • Politics Book Two Sections VII-VIII

    Politics Book Two Sections VII-VIII
    2026/06/25
    In which various forms of government are examined through the lens of property equality, education, and military readiness, highlighting the challenges of balancing material sufficiency with social harmony. Additionally, consideration is given to urban planning and judicial processes, alongside reflections on the prudence of legal reform and the enduring authority of custom.
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    18 分
  • Politics Book Two Sections V-VI

    Politics Book Two Sections V-VI
    2026/06/24
    In which the regulation of property within the ideal city is examined with a keen eye to balance private ownership and communal use, recognising both the difficulties and virtues inherent in such arrangements and the natural affections that govern human behaviour. The discourse then extends to a critical reflection on various schemes of government and social order, highlighting the practical necessities and potential pitfalls of legislating for the multitude, whilst considering the complexities of education, class distinctions, and political participation.
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    21 分
  • Politics Book Two Sections I-IV

    Politics Book Two Sections I-IV
    2026/06/23
    In which the nature of the best-governed city is examined with particular attention to the extent of communal sharing among its citizens, questioning whether complete community of wives, children, and goods serves the good of the state. It is observed that excessive unity in this fashion undermines the foundations of a city by eroding familial bonds and personal care, which are essential to its preservation and the fostering of friendship and order.
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    17 分
  • Politics Book One Sections X-XIII

    Politics Book One Sections X-XIII
    2026/06/22
    In which the proper management of a household intertwines with the art of procuring wealth, though the natural and the artificial are wisely distinguished, with a caution against pursuits that breed money from money itself, contrary to nature’s intentions. The governance of the family is further examined as a microcosm of the state, where the virtues of each member — master, wife, child, and slave — are considered in accordance with their nature and place, emphasising that all should possess virtue appropriate to their station for the harmony and good of the whole.
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    17 分