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  • Pakistan's 1951 Liaquat Ali Khan Assassination

    Pakistan's 1951 Liaquat Ali Khan Assassination
    2026/06/08
    On October 16, 1951, Pakistan's first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan was shot dead at a public rally in Rawalpindi. His assassin, Said Akbar, was killed on the spot, and the mystery of who ordered the killing has never been fully resolved. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the political crisis that followed Partition, Liaquat's rivalry with the religious right over the Objectives Resolution, his feud with the army chief, and the conspiracy theories that still swirl around the case—from American involvement to the Rawalpindi Conspiracy. They discuss the hasty trial, the role of the Munir Report, and how the assassination destabilized Pakistan's fragile democracy, paving the way for military intervention. A deep dive into a forgotten turning point. #LiaquatAliKhan #SaidAkbar #RawalpindiConspiracy #ObjectivesResolution #PakistanHistory #MunirReport #1951Assassination #AyoubKhan #MianIftikharuddin #RashidKashmiri #ColdWarPakistan #PoliticalAssassination #EarlyPakistan #SouthAsianHistory #Rawalpindi #FexingoHistory #History #Podcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    7 分
  • Pakistan's 1979 Zia-ul-Haq Execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

    Pakistan's 1979 Zia-ul-Haq Execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
    2026/06/07
    In this episode, we explore the dramatic downfall and execution of Pakistan's first popularly elected prime minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, under General Zia-ul-Haq's regime. We trace the controversial murder case of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, the Lahore High Court's verdict, and the Supreme Court's split decision that sealed Bhutto's fate. We discuss the political motivations behind the trial, the role of key figures like Nusrat Bhutto and Chief Justice Mohammad Yaqub Ali, and the enduring legacy of Bhutto's death on Pakistan's democracy. This is a story of power, justice, and a nation's unresolved trauma. #PakistanHistory #ZulfikarAliBhutto #ZiaulHaq #OperationFairPlay #BhuttoExecution #PakistanPeopleParty #AhmedRazaKasuri #LahoreHighCourt #SupremeCourtPakistan #NusratBhutto #Rawalpindi #Larkana #Sindh #1979 #ColdWar #SouthAsia #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    5 分
  • Pakistan's 1985 Non-Party Elections Under Zia-ul-Haq

    Pakistan's 1985 Non-Party Elections Under Zia-ul-Haq
    2026/06/07
    In February 1985, Pakistan held national elections under General Zia-ul-Haq's military regime — but with a twist: political parties were banned. Candidates ran as individuals, not party representatives. This episode unpacks the mechanics of those non-party polls, the controversial role of the Majlis-e-Shoora (the appointed advisory council), and the emergence of Muhammad Khan Junejo as Prime Minister. We explore how Zia designed a system meant to control politics while appearing to restore democracy, and how Junejo's brief tenure ended in another dismissal under Article 58(2)(b). Along the way, we touch on the Eighth Amendment, the revival of the 1973 Constitution, and the quiet maneuvering of opposition figures like Benazir Bhutto and the newly formed Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD). A pivotal moment in Pakistan's long cycle of authoritarianism and flawed elections. #PakistanHistory #ZiaulHaq #1985Elections #NonPartyPolls #MuhammadKhanJunejo #MajlisShoora #EighthAmendment #BenazirBhutto #MRD #Article58 #Islamization #MilitaryRule #Democracy #SouthAsia #ColdWar #1980s #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 分
  • Pakistan's 1958 Martial Law: The Rise of Ayub Khan

    Pakistan's 1958 Martial Law: The Rise of Ayub Khan
    2026/06/06
    In October 1958, Pakistan's fragile democracy collapsed under its own weight. President Iskander Mirza abrogated the constitution, dismissed the government, and handed power to his army chief, General Ayub Khan — who promptly exiled Mirza and took full control. This episode traces the decade of political chaos that led to the coup: the revolving door of prime ministers, the failure of the 1956 constitution, the devastating role of One Unit, and the bitter East Pakistan resentment that made central governance impossible. We explore Ayub's 'revolution' narrative, his alliance with bureaucrats and industrialists, and the legacy of martial law that set a pattern for decades. From the Constituent Assembly's dissolution in 1954 to the 1958 takeover, hear how Pakistan's first military regime began — and why it felt, to many, like relief. #AyubKhan #IskanderMirza #1958Coup #OneUnit #1956Constitution #EastPakistan #PakistanHistory #MartialLaw #PakistanArmy #ChaudhryMuhammadAli #Suhrawardy #Bogra #ConstitutionalCrisis #SouthAsia #ColdWar #Decolonization #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 分
  • Pakistan's 1973 Constitution: The Unfulfilled Promise

    Pakistan's 1973 Constitution: The Unfulfilled Promise
    2026/06/06
    Episode 82 dives into the making of Pakistan's 1973 Constitution, a landmark document that promised federalism, parliamentary democracy, and Islamic provisions. Lucas and Luna explore the political maneuvering between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, opposition leaders like Abdul Wali Khan, and religious parties like the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. They discuss the contentious negotiation over the role of Islam, the definition of a Muslim, and the issue of provincial autonomy, which led to the eventual inclusion of the Objectives Resolution as a substantive part of the constitution. The episode also covers the unanimous adoption on April 10, 1973, the subsequent erosion of federalism under Zia-ul-Haq and later dictators, and the constitution's suspension during coups. The conversation highlights the ongoing tension between the constitution's democratic ideals and Pakistan's political realities, ending with a reflection on its legacy in today's Pakistan. #PakistanHistory #1973Constitution #ZulfikarAliBhutto #AbdulWaliKhan #JamiatUlemaEIslam #ObjectivesResolution #Federalism #ParliamentaryDemocracy #IslamicProvisions #ProvincialAutonomy #Bhutto #PPP #NationalAwamiParty #MaulanaMaududi #Qadiani #ConstitutionMaking #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    8 分
  • The Kargil War 1999 Pakistan's Mountain Ambush

    The Kargil War 1999 Pakistan's Mountain Ambush
    2026/06/05
    In the summer of 1999, Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated across the Line of Control into Indian-administered Kashmir, seizing strategic heights around Kargil. The conflict pushed two nuclear-armed states to the brink of a full-scale war. This episode examines Operation Badr, the planning by General Pervez Musharraf and Chief of Army Staff General Ziauddin Butt, the role of the Northern Light Infantry, and the tactical miscalculations that led to international isolation. We discuss the fighting at Dras, Batalik, and Tiger Hill, the Indian counter-offensive Operation Vijay, and the controversial decision by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to fly to Washington and sign a joint declaration with Bill Clinton. The episode also explores the aftermath: the October 1999 coup that ousted Sharif, the Kargil Review Committee report, and the impact on civil-military relations. Names like Captain Vikram Batra (who famously said 'Yeh dil maange more'), General V.P. Malik, and Major Rajesh Adhikari feature. The shadow of nuclear deterrence hangs over every move. This is the story of a limited war with unlimited consequences. #KargilWar #1999 #Pakistan #India #Kashmir #OperationBadr #OperationVijay #NawazSharif #PervezMusharraf #BillClinton #LineOfControl #TigerHill #Dras #NorthernLightInfantry #NuclearDeterrence #History #FexingoHistory #SouthAsia Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    8 分
  • The Mohajir Experience: Migration, Identity, and Karachi's MQM

    The Mohajir Experience: Migration, Identity, and Karachi's MQM
    2026/06/05
    In Episode 80 of The History of Pakistan, Lucas and Luna shift focus from high politics and national crises to the human story of the Mohajir community—the Urdu-speaking Muslims who migrated from India during Partition and settled primarily in urban Sindh. The episode traces their early integration and economic success, the gradual alienation under One Unit and Bhutto's language policies, and the eventual rise of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) as a violent ethnic-political force in Karachi. Key figures include Altaf Hussain, who founded the MQM in 1984, and the movement's transformation from a student organization into a paramilitary network. The hosts discuss the 1992–94 military operation in Karachi, the MQM's split between Altaf's London-based faction and the Bahadurabad group, and the lasting impact on Pakistan's largest city. The episode confronts uncomfortable questions about identity, state violence, and the failure of federalism to accommodate Pakistan's most diverse community. #Mohajir #MQM #AltafHussain #Karachi #Partition #Sindh #Urdu #OneUnit #ZulfikarAliBhutto #LanguageRiots #OperationCleanUp #Bahadurabad #LondonGroup #EthnicConflict #PakistanHistory #SouthAsia #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 分
  • Pakistan's 1947 Accession of Bahawalpur: The Last Princely Holdout

    Pakistan's 1947 Accession of Bahawalpur: The Last Princely Holdout
    2026/06/04
    In August 1947, as Pakistan scrambled to absorb the patchwork of princely states left by the British Raj, one ruler held out longer than any other: the Nawab of Bahawalpur, Sadiq Muhammad Khan V. This episode traces the story of Bahawalpur's reluctant accession—how a desert kingdom with its own currency, railway, and army nearly became an independent state before being coaxed into Pakistan. We explore the Nawab's negotiations with Jinnah, the role of his powerful prime minister Sir John Dring, and the legacy of Bahawalpur's autonomy within Pakistan until its full merger in 1955 under One Unit. Along the way, we touch on the broader pattern of princely state integration, the geopolitics of the Cholistan desert, and why Bahawalpur remains a distinct cultural enclave in Punjab today. #Bahawalpur #PrincelyStates #PakistanHistory #PartitionofIndia #NawabSadiqMuhammadKhan #SirJohnDring #MuhammadAliJinnah #CholistanDesert #OneUnit #1955Merger #AbbasiDynasty #InstrumentofAccession #DringCommission #SutlejValleyProject #SadiqGarhPalace #IslamiaUniversityBahawalpur #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    10 分