What if everything you thought you knew about how Jesus read the Bible was incomplete? In this eye-opening conversation, we sit down with Dr. Bruce Chilton, the Bernard Iddings Bell Professor of Religion at Bard College and the first scholar to write a critical commentary on the Aramaic Isaiah Targum. Dr. Chilton reveals a hidden world that most Christians have never encountered—the Aramaic Targums, the interpretive paraphrases of Scripture that Jesus actually heard and used in first-century synagogues. These weren't word-for-word translations; they were dynamic, expansive interpretations that shaped how Jesus understood and taught about God's kingdom, the suffering servant, and the very nature of Scripture itself.

This conversation will completely reframe how you read both the Old Testament and the Gospels. Dr. Chilton walks us through specific examples where Jesus quotes Targumic readings, explains why the religious leaders opposed him so fiercely, and shows how understanding this tradition unlocks passages that have puzzled Christians for centuries. From the vineyard parable to Jesus' Nazareth sermon, from his debates with Pharisees to Paul's bilingual mastery, you'll discover that the Bible Jesus knew was far more dynamic and alive than the static text many of us assume. This is scholarly depth made accessible, and it will change the way you engage with Scripture forever.

In this episode you will learn:

- What Targums are and why they've remained hidden from most Christians for centuries
- How first-century synagogues functioned and what Jesus would have actually heard when Scripture was read
- Why Jesus' understanding of "the Kingdom of God" came directly from Targumic theology, not from thin air
- How to distinguish between original Hebrew text and interpretive Targumic expansions
- Specific examples where Jesus quotes Targumic readings that completely change how we understand Gospel passages
- Why the Isaiah Targum interprets the "suffering servant" differently than most Christians expect
- How Jesus' debates with Pharisees were actually insider arguments over Targumic interpretations
- What's really happening in Jesus' Nazareth sermon when he reads from Isaiah and claims fulfillment
- Why Jesus spoke in parables and how the Targum reveals his true motivation
- How the vineyard parable in Mark 12 directly connects to the Isaiah Targum's teaching about the temple

Dr. Bruce Chilton's Books:

A Galilean Rabbi and His Bible
Targums and Rabbinic Literature (Zondervan)
Rabbi Jesus: An Intimate Biography

Connect with The Dig In Podcast:

Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@thejohnnyova

Follow Johnny Ova: https://linktr.ee/johnnyova

Get Johnny's book, The Revelation Reset: https://a.co/d/hiUkW8H